Paul Wolfowitz is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a Washington, D.C.-based neoconservative think tank. The former number two at the Pentagon under Donald Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz is closely associated with the decision to invade Iraq and with various scandals during his subsequent short tenure as head of the World Bank. In May 2008, the U.S.-Taiwan Business Council announced that Wolfowitz had been appointed chairman of the trade association. 1 In January 2008, Wolfowitz replaced Fred Thompson as chair of the U.S. State Department’s International Security Advisory Board (ISAB), which is tasked with providing State “with independent insight and advice on all aspects of arms control, disarmament, international security, and related aspects of public diplomacy.” 2
Commenting on the former deputy secretary of defense’s appointment to the U.S.-Taiwan Business Council, a nonprofit consortium, investigative reporter Tim Shorrock wrote, “Wolfowitz is being rewarded for the fine work he did for U.S. defense contractors in Taiwan back when he was at the Pentagon.… [He] was the highest-level U.S. defense official to meet openly with Taiwan military officials in decades. This happened under the auspices of the council in 2002 when Frank Carlucci was running it. Wolfie’s meetings helped clear the way for major new arms sales to Taiwan, which have become a big issue inside the island nation.” 3
Controversy has followed Wolfowitz since he left the Defense Department in 2005 to join the World Bank; his appointment to the State Department’s relatively low-profile ISAB sparked questions because of his efforts to push for the invasion of Iraq. In late January 2008, shortly after news of Wolfowitz’s ISAB position was announced, the Center for Public Integrity released a study detailing Iraq-related “false statements” made by top Bush administration officials, including Wolfowitz, in the two years after 9/11. By the center’s count, Wolfowitz alone made 85 public statements reflecting “misinformation about the threat posed by Saddam Hussein’s Iraq.” 4 Joseph Cirincione, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, commented on Wolfowitz’s appointment to the ISAB, telling Bloomberg News, “The advice given by Paul Wolfowitz over the past six years ranks among the worst provided by any defense official in history. I have no idea why anyone would want more.” 5
Serving under Wolfowitz at the time of his appointment to the ISAB chairmanship were a number of foreign policy hawks, including Kathleen Bailey of the National Institute for Public Policy (NIPP); Robert Joseph, a former undersecretary of state who has worked with both NIPP and the Center for Security Policy (CSP); former CIA director James Woolsey, one of the foremost promoters of the notion that the United States is currently fighting “World War IV”; Keith Payne, head of NIPP; William Schneider Jr., CSP adviser and ex-head of the Defense Science Board; and William Van Cleave, a Reagan-era Pentagon official and current adviser to the Likud-aligned Ariel Center. 6
Wolfowitz’s other major move since leaving the World Bank presidency in mid-2007 was to take a post at AEI, perhaps the foremost organization for neoconservative writers. 7 Wolfowitz followed a well-worn path to the institute, which houses a number of other former Bush administration figures, including former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton, former chair of the Defense Policy Board Richard Perle, and former advisor to the Justice Department John Yoo. According to AEI, Wolfowitz's research areas include development issues, Africa, public-private partnerships, and entrepreneurship. 8
World Bank
Wolfowitz’s June 2007 resignation from the World Bank, an international loan- and grant-making organization that aims to reduce poverty, ended a tumultuous two-year tenure. He had been criticized by the bank's board and staff for “ethical lapses” concerning his relationship with a bank employee, as well as for his management skills. 9 Dissension within the bank reached a boiling point in early 2007, when allegations emerged that Wolfowitz had been improperly involved in securing a promotion and raise for his girlfriend. Shortly after Wolfowitz announced his intention to resign, President George W. Bush nominated career diplomat Robert Zoellick to fill the post. 10
After taking over as World Bank president in June 2005, Wolfowitz seemed to pressure the bank to take on a larger role in Iraq. According to the Inter Press Service, Wolfowitz's persistent efforts to "recruit a new country manager for Iraq despite concerns over staff security there—as well as the bank's attempts [in May 2007] to suppress reports about an incident in which a bank employee was injured in Baghdad, apparently to avoid derailing his recruitment efforts—have lent credence to critics' charges that he has been more than eager to line up the institution and its resources behind U.S. policy there.” 11
The New York Times reported that Wolfowitz’s decisions at the World Bank sometimes left the "impression that at critical moments [Wolfowitz] was putting American foreign policy interests first," for example, when he decided to suspend "a program in Uzbekistan after the country denied landing rights to American military aircraft.” 12 He also "directed huge amounts of aid to the countries he once recruited to sign on to Washington's counterterrorism agenda ... [and] relied heavily on a pair of aides drawn from the Bush administration, Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems, who created an inner circle that the bank's professional staff members said they had great trouble piercing." 13
According to journalists Emad Mekay and Jim Lobe, "Of the top five outside international appointments made by [Wolfowitz] during his nearly two-year tenure, three were senior political appointees of right-wing governments that provided strong backing for U.S. policy in Iraq." 14 These appointments included former Jordanian Deputy Prime Minister Marwan Muasher, who was named senior vice president for external affairs in early 2007. Muasher was Jordan's ambassador in Washington in the lead up to the Iraq War and reportedly helped ensure his country's cooperation during the 2003 invasion. Wolfowitz also secured posts for former Salvadoran Finance Minister Juan José Daboub, who was chief of staff to former President Francisco Flores Perez at the time when El Salvador sent nearly 400 Salvadoran combat troops to Iraq (more than any other developing country), and former Spanish Foreign Minister Ana Palacio, who was an outspoken proponent of the Iraq War during the administration of former Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar, who sent 1,500 troops to Iraq despite widespread opposition to the war in Spain.
Of these Wolfowitz appointees, Daboub proved the most controversial. Traditionally, the World Bank has pushed family planning initiatives and birth control as core agenda items in an effort to improve women's health and economic well-being in developing countries. However, after taking over as managing director at the bank, Daboub, a conservative Catholic, allegedly cut references to such programs in bank strategy documents, echoing the Bush administration's conservative views on family planning issues. The Los Angeles Times reported that, "In an internal e-mail, the bank's team leader for Madagascar indicated that one of two managing directors appointed by Wolfowitz ordered the removal of all references to family planning from a document laying out strategy for the African nation. And a draft of the bank's long-term health program strategy overseen by the same official makes almost no mention of family planning, suggesting a wider rollback may be under way.” 15
Daboub denied he was changing World Bank policy or had altered the Madagascar report, but the Times obtained a copy of the report revealing multiple deletions to family planning references. And internal bank e-mails obtained by the Government Accountability Project also show that Daboub, referred to as "MD" (or managing director) in the e-mails, requested that all references to family planning be deleted. "It's a blatant lie," said one bank staffer about Daboub's denials. Carmen Barroso of the International Planned Parenthood Federation, commenting on the affair, said, "There's mismanagement there. Wolfowitz appointed a guy in a very high position who felt free to censor in line with his personal beliefs. I think that's good grounds for sacking." 16
On the other hand, Wolfowitz promoted efforts of poor nations to push through equitable global trade agreements. In early July 2006, just before a meeting of the Group of Eight industrialized nations in St. Petersburg, the World Bank released a letter from Wolfowitz in which he argued that wealthy countries must make deep cuts in farm subsidies to help developing countries improve their export earnings. "Good intentions are in generous supply," he wrote. "The world's poorest people, the 1.2 billion living on less than $1 a day, are counting on your good intentions being transformed into decisive action.” 17 Weeks later, during the July 2006 World Trade Organization meeting aimed at concluding a new global trade agreement, U.S. and European leaders scuttled talks by refusing to commit to deep cuts in subsidies. 18
Wolfowitz and Neoconservatism
After Bush announced in March 2005 that he would nominate Wolfowitz, his former deputy defense secretary, to lead the World Bank, many pundits worried that neoconservatives seemed poised to take their agenda to a new playing field. Other observers, however, seemed confused by the nomination, wondering what a political figure with little experience in banking or development could bring to the job. Political reporter Jim Lobe of the Inter Press Service asked, "If sending arch-unilateralist John Bolton to the United Nations sent a message of contempt for multilateralism, what does U.S. President George W. Bush mean by sending that ardent advocate of hard power, Paul Wolfowitz, to the planet's single biggest purveyor of soft power, the World Bank?” 19 At the same time, Wolfowitz's neoconservative counterparts seemed delighted by the announcement. Thomas Donnelly of AEI said, "It's not quite like John Bolton going to the UN, but you're going to get someone who's really devoted to the president's agenda.... The World Bank could be a useful tool of American statecraft, that would be great.” 20
Part of the confusion over Wolfowitz stems from his at times ambiguous relationship to the neoconservative agenda. Although a long-standing hawk whose connections to neoconservative advocacy efforts date back to the Cold War, Wolfowitz has expressed several contrarian views within the neoconservative camp. In particular, he has been much more flexible when it comes to Middle East peace, shying away from the extreme Likudnik line of hostility toward Palestine espoused by many neoconservatives, and opposing the Jewish settler movement. In 2002, when Bush pushed Israel to pull back from an offensive in the West Bank, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee and others organized a rally in Washington to support a congressional resolution aimed at affirming U.S. solidarity with Israel. According to the Washington Post's Glenn Frankel, "The crowd booed ... Wolfowitz, Bush's representative to the rally, when he told them that 'innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying in great numbers.'” 21
Some consider Wolfowitz to be more of an idealist than a pure neoconservative ideologue. After accompanying Wolfowitz on a visit to Iraq in late 2003, the Washington Post's David Ignatius wrote that he asked Wolfowitz if his "passion for the noble goals of the Iraq War might overwhelm the prudence and pragmatism that normally guide war planners. Wolfowitz didn't answer directly, except to say that it was a good question.” 22 Similarly, in an interview conducted shortly after Wolfowitz's nomination to the World Bank post, Tom Malinowksi of Human Rights Watch told the Inter Press Service that, "[Wolfowitz] is a serious and thoughtful person who is genuinely interested in the promotion of democracy and human rights around the world and someone who understands that very few interests can be advanced without paying attention to the way people are being governed.” 23
Policy and Advocacy Track Record
Wolfowitz has a long track record of producing influential and controversial policy proposals on key aspects of U.S. defense policy: In the late 1970s, he participated in the Team B Strategic Objectives Panel, a notorious effort to reinterpret CIA intelligence on the Soviet threat that helped put the country on a confrontational path with the Soviet Union and set the stage for the Reagan arms buildup; as Dick Cheney's undersecretary of defense for policy in the Bush Senior administration, he oversaw (along with I. Lewis Libby and Zalmay Khalilzad) the controversial 1992 Draft Defense Planning Guidance (DPG) that is widely regarded as an early blueprint for the George W. Bush administration's preemptive defense posture and interventionist foreign policies; and he collaborated in the late 1990s with the Project for the New American Century's advocacy campaign calling for war in Iraq. He has also been associated, along with Douglas Feith, with the work of the Office of Special Plans, the Pentagon outfit that George Tenet and others blamed for twisting the intelligence on Iraq.
While working in the George H.W. Bush administration as undersecretary of defense for policy, in 1992 Wolfowitz was charged with producing a policy guidance report aimed at formulating a post-Cold War defense posture. Upset by Bush Senior's decision to leave Saddam Hussein's regime in place after the 1991 Gulf War, Wolfowitz, along with "Scooter" Libby, argued in a draft DPG that the United States should actively deter nations from "aspiring to a larger regional or global role," use preemptive force to prevent countries from developing weapons of mass destruction, and act alone if necessary.
Although the draft guidance was quashed soon after it was leaked to the New York Times, many of its ideas—in particular, the doctrine of preemption—later found their way into President George W. Bush's national security strategy. The document also seems to have served as a template for the founding statement of principles of the Project for the New American Century, which was signed by a who's who list of hawks and neoconservatives who later served in the George W. Bush administration, including Wolfowitz, Cheney, Libby, Khalilzad, Rumsfeld, Elliott Abrams, Paula Dobriansky, and Peter Rodman (Chicago Tribune, April 13, 2003). (Non-administration signatories include Gary Bauer, Frank Gaffney, Norman Podhoretz, Donald Kagan, Vin Weber, George Weigel, and Midge Decter.)
Wolfowitz's role in pushing the Bush administration to target Iraq shortly after 9/11 has been widely documented. In Plan of Attack, Bob Woodward's 2004 book recounting the decision-making that led up to the Iraq War, Wolfowitz is described as "a drum that would not stop. He and his group of neoconservatives were rubbing their hands over the ideas [for invading Iraq]." According to Woodward, in the days immediately after 9/11, Wolfowitz was the "only strong advocate for attacking Iraq.... He estimated that there was a 10-50% chance Saddam was involved in the 9/11 attacks." 24
In an interview with Vanity Fair's Sam Tannenhaus in May 2003, Wolfowitz appeared to cast doubt upon the Bush administration's stated belief that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, saying, "The truth is that for reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S. government bureaucracy we settled on the one issue that everyone could agree on, which was weapons of mass destruction, as the core reason." Shortly after the interview was published, the Pentagon criticized the magazine for taking Wolfowitz's statement out of context and released the full interview on the Department of Defense’s website. In the Pentagon version, Wolfowitz, after a short pause, continued with his argument, saying, "But there have always been three fundamental concerns. One is weapons of mass destruction, the second is support for terrorism, the third is the criminal treatment of the Iraqi people. Actually I guess you could say there's a fourth overriding one which is the connection between the first two.” 25
Between his stints in the administrations of Bush Senior and Junior, Wolfowitz served from 1994 to 2001 as dean of the Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies, the Washington, D.C.-based graduate school that has been home to a number of key neoconservative figures, including Gary Schmitt of the Project for the New American Century and the Defense Policy Board's Eliot Cohen. In 1998, Wolfowitz also served on the so-called Rumsfeld Missile Commission, which conducted a six-month study that concluded, in contrast to intelligence community reports, that the ballistic missile threat to the United States was much greater than previously believed.
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Affiliations
American Enterprise Institute: Visiting Scholar
World Bank: President (2005-June 2007)
Project for the New American Century: Founding Signatory
Heritage Foundation: Paid Speaker
Hudson Institute: Paid Speaker
Rand 2001 Transition Panel: Member
Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies (SAIS): Dean (1994-2001); Visiting Professor (1980-81)
Yale University: Professor (1970-1973)
Government Service
State Department: Chair, International Security Advisory Board, January 2008-present; Ambassador to Indonesia (1986-1989); Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (1982-1986); Policy Planning Staff (1981-1982)
Rumsfeld Commission on the Ballistic Missile Threat: Member (1998)
Defense Department: Deputy Secretary (2001-2005); Undersecretary of Defense for Policy (1989-1993); Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regional Programs (1977-1980)
Team B Strategic Objectives Panel: Member (1976)
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency: Special Assistant (1973-1977)
Private Sector
U.S.-Taiwan Business Council: Chairman
Northrop Grumman: Former Consultant
Education
Cornell University: B.A. in Mathematics (1965)
University of Chicago: Ph.D. in Political Science (1972)
Date of Birth
December 22, 1943
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